#Illuminate trial#

Imagining ‘Patient Zero’: Sexuality, Blame, and the Origins of the North American AIDS Epidemic.

Retroviruses 16, 1463–1469 (2000)Ĭenters for Disease Control (CDC) A cluster of Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. Apparent founder effect during the early years of the San Francisco HIV type 1 epidemic (1978–1979). The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of homosexual men. Mortality trends in a cohort of homosexual men in New York City, 1978–1988.

#Illuminate trial#

A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax B): a final report. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection in a cohort of homosexual men in New York City. Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The epidemiology of AIDS in Haiti refutes the claims of Gilbert et al. The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. We discuss the genesis and persistence of this belief in the light of these evolutionary insights. 5) and found neither biological nor historical evidence that he was the primary case in the US or for subtype B as a whole. We also recovered the HIV-1 genome from the individual known as ‘Patient 0’ (ref. Comparisons with more recent data reveal many of these insights to be unattainable without archival, full-genome sequences. Logistic growth coalescent models reveal epidemic doubling times of 0.86 and 1.12 years for the US and Caribbean, respectively, suggesting rapid early expansion in each location 3. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses estimate the jump to the US at around 1970 and place the ancestral US virus in New York City with 0.99 posterior probability support, strongly suggesting this was the crucial hub of early US HIV/AIDS diversification. This early, full-genome ‘snapshot’ reveals that the US HIV-1 epidemic exhibited extensive genetic diversity in the 1970s but also provides strong evidence for its emergence from a pre-existing Caribbean epidemic. Here, we report eight coding-complete genomes from US serum samples from 1978–1979-eight of the nine oldest HIV-1 group M genomes to date. We serologically screened >2,000 1970s serum samples and developed a highly sensitive approach for recovering viral RNA from degraded archival samples. However, these temporal and geographical inferences, based upon partial HIV-1 genomes that postdate the recognition of AIDS in 1981, remain contentious 3, 4 and the earliest movements of the virus within the US are unknown. Phylogenetic studies have suggested cryptic subtype B circulation in the United States (US) throughout the 1970s 1, 2 and an even older presence in the Caribbean 2. The emergence of HIV-1 group M subtype B in North American men who have sex with men was a key turning point in the HIV/AIDS pandemic.